中国工程院院士肖绪文：智能建造务求实效
Intelligent construction has become an inevitable trend in the development of the construction industry and an important starting point for transformation and upgrading. However, at present, there are still non-landing and non-pragmatic situations in the process of promoting intelligent construction. This paper introduces the connotation, meaning and content of intelligent construction from the aspects of what is, why and what to do, and then puts forward suggestions on how to promote intelligent construction pragmatically.
What is Smart Building
What is Smart Building
Construction is the whole process of "manufacturing" of a construction project, which is a general term for project planning, design and construction based on the consideration of the whole life period. Engineering construction, like the manufacturing of other industrial products, must be based on the economic and technical performance and benefit of the whole life of the product.
Intelligent construction is an advanced stage aiming at the whole life of engineering products to improve the production level of construction and enable field operations under ubiquitous sensing conditions. It is the information perception, transmission, accumulation and systematization process of engineering project planning, design and construction technology and management. It is a construction method to build an Internet-based engineering project information management and control platform, complete various process operations through robots with complementary functions within the established space and time range, and realize the deep integration of intelligence and construction requirements.
The promotion of smart construction should focus on three key aspects: First, the Engineering Information Modeling (EIM) management and control platform is built. EIM management and control platform is an automatic multi-source information management and control system developed for the systematic management and control of the whole process, all participants and all factors of construction projects. The second is digital collaborative design, which uses modern information technology to carry out whole-professional, whole-process and whole-system collaborative planning in the planning stage of project establishment, design and construction of engineering projects; The third is robot construction. Driven by EIM management and control platform and building information model technology, robots replace people to complete construction operations under the circumstances of large engineering amounts, repeated operations, dangerous environments, heavy physical exertion and so on.
The basic work supporting intelligent construction is the development of 3D graphics description, graphics engine and platform, and a series of software development of 3D space description and realistic expression of buildings. Intelligent construction should place special emphasis on robots to replace people in site construction, so as to improve the construction industry work form, and gradually achieve less humanization of the construction site until unmanned construction.
Smart building Why
Our country building industry develops quickly, has obtained huge achievement since reforming and opening. There are mainly the following aspects: First, the pillar industry of the national economy plays a more prominent role, and the added value of the construction industry will account for 7.18% of the GDP in 2020, driving the development of more than 50 upstream and downstream industries, and providing a large number of jobs; The second is to make important contributions to urbanization and the improvement of people's livelihood. In 2020, China's urbanization rate exceeded 60%. In 2019, the per capita housing floor area of urban residents in China was 39.8 square meters, nearly five times higher than that in 1978. Third, China's construction level continues to improve, seven of the world's top 10 super tall buildings in China, such as the National Stadium (Bird's Nest), Beijing Daxing International Airport, the main venue of the G20 Hangzhou Summit and a number of public buildings amazing the world, China's construction capacity in the field of ultra-deep, ultra-long, ultra-high and super-span engineering structures continue to improve, widely praised by the world; Fourth, the foreign contracting turnover of China's construction industry has steadily increased, and its international competitiveness has improved. In 2019, the foreign contracting turnover and contract amount increased by 2.28% and 7.63% respectively over the previous year, accounting for 24.4% of the total quota of the global top 250; Fifth, the use of information technology to transform the construction industry has achieved remarkable results. Now the construction industry relies on information technology everywhere. It is difficult to imagine how a project like "Two Mountains" hospital can be completed so efficiently without a high degree of integration of information and construction technology.
However, with China's economy shifting from high-speed growth to high-quality development stage, the construction industry has gradually entered the stock era, and the development is faced with the following challenges: First, the traditional management system and construction mode are relatively backward and inefficient. Second, the situation of labor-intensive, poor on-site working environment and high labor intensity has not fundamentally changed, the industrial labor cost is high, the employment attraction is weak, and the aging of workers is serious. Third, the informatization level of the industry is not high, and the promotion of intelligent construction is generally lagging behind. The main performance is simple use of foreign technology, not much original technology, and few basic software systems for text and graphics processing with independent intellectual property rights; Few practical tools and construction site operation robots; The lack of a digital control platform to effectively promote the effective implementation of intelligent construction of engineering projects, and the effect of promoting the transformation and upgrading of the industry is not obvious.
In summary, at present, in promoting intelligent construction, in addition to the information level of the construction industry has been greatly improved, our country has the world's largest building information model (BIM) technology application volume, in the development of robots has also started, but we do not have independent intellectual property rights of the BIM basic platform and three-dimensional graphics system and its engine. The huge investment in construction information technology has been fragmented, and there are few obvious breakthroughs in solving the "jam neck" technology of intelligent construction, and the challenges facing the promotion of intelligent construction are very severe, which should attract great attention from the industry.
Our country has always attached great importance to the integration between information technology and industrial development. The world is entering a period of economic development dominated by the information industry. We should seize the opportunity of the integrated development of digitalization, networking and intelligence, and use IT and intelligence as leverage to foster new driving forces to drive the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry.
In 2011, 2015 and 2016, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development successively issued the Outline for the Development of Informatization in the Construction Industry from 2011 to 2015, the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Application of Building Information Models, and the Outline for the Development of Informatization in the Construction Industry from 2016 to 2020. Construction enterprises are required to apply big data, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, 3D printing and intelligent technologies. In July 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other departments issued the "Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Coordinated Development of Intelligent Construction and Building Industrialization", which further clearly proposed the intelligent construction industrial system for the coordinated development of intelligent construction and building industrialization. Promoting intelligent construction has become a key measure for the country to promote the high-quality development of the construction industry.
Based on the current status analysis and policy guidance of China's construction industry, it is a general trend for the construction industry to promote intelligent construction, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
First, it is driven by the high-quality development requirements of the construction industry. In order to take the road of high-quality development, the construction industry must achieve "four changes" : from "quantity win" to "quality win"; From "extensive management" to "fine management"; From "economic efficiency priority" to "green development priority"; Shift from "factor driven" to "innovation driven". To realize these changes, intelligent construction is an important means.
The second is the need for engineering quality improvement. Entering the new era, the foothold and landing point of economic development is to maximize the people's growing needs for a better life, among which the improvement of project quality is an important public demand. The "product" of engineering quality is people's demand for aesthetics; "Quality" is a large quality requirement of technology, functionality and environment. Promoting intelligent construction is an important method to accelerate the improvement of engineering quality.
The third is to change the construction industry work form of a powerful grasp. The construction industry is a labor-intensive industry, the site needs a lot of labor, how to adhere to the "people-oriented" development concept, improve working conditions, reduce labor intensity, as much as possible to use construction robots to replace manual work, has become the consensus of the construction industry to seek development.
Fourth, it is necessary to improve work efficiency and promote industry transformation and upgrading. At present, the labor productivity of the construction industry is not high, mainly due to the lack of high control of the intelligent construction platform with the whole construction process, full professional, full participant and full factor collaborative real-time control, and the lack of convenient, practical and operational robot construction.
The fifth is to achieve "zero distance" control of engineering projects. Promote intelligent construction to give full play to the advantages of information sharing, with the help of information means such as the Internet and the Internet of things, build engineering project construction management and control platforms that can be easily used by relevant parties, and achieve zero-distance, whole-process, real-time management and control engineering projects.
The proposal of "new infrastructure" provides a rare opportunity to accelerate the promotion of intelligent construction. "New infrastructure" mainly includes the fifth-generation mobile communication technology, intercity high-speed railway and urban rail transit, new energy vehicle charging piles, big data centers, industrial Internet and other fields. The "new infrastructure" promotes the information infrastructure of emerging technologies, the infrastructure that integrates emerging technologies with the "old infrastructure", and the innovation infrastructure that supports scientific research, technological development, and product development. The new infrastructure provides more perfect infrastructure conditions for accelerating the intelligent construction, and we must seize the opportunity to forge ahead and accelerate the intelligent construction.
What does Smart building do
Through the promotion of intelligent construction, the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry and the improvement of quality and efficiency should be focused on the following aspects of work:
The first is to create an institutional mechanism conducive to engineering projects to promote intelligent construction. To further clarify the roles and responsibilities of the government, industry, and enterprises in the process of promoting intelligent construction, and to quickly form a general trend of collaborative promotion is crucial to promoting intelligent construction.
Second, to promote intelligent construction, scientific and technological research and development must go first. Intelligent construction is a highly integrated construction method of traditional construction technology and modern technology, its comprehensive and innovative, can not be achieved overnight, we must first scientific research, continue to increase investment in scientific research, and continue to carry out scientific and technological research, in order to achieve substantial results.
Third, accelerate the establishment of EIM management and control platform. Systematic management and control of engineering projects is the basic requirement to achieve high-quality development of the construction industry. Creating EIM management and control platform to achieve systematic management and control of engineering projects plays a pivotal role in improving the management level of the construction industry, and should be included in the priority option of intelligent construction promotion.
Fourth, accelerate the development of building robots. Establish a science and technology research system led by the general contractor of the project and involving multiple majors such as electronics, machinery, information and control, organize multiple majors to jointly research the development of construction robots, and accelerate the popularization and use of construction robots.
Fifth, build a PRP-ERP-GRP management system for project layer, enterprise layer and group layer. Intelligent construction should be based on the different roles of engineering project construction, and build a management and control platform for intelligent construction of engineering projects shared by the government, owners, designers, general contractors, professional subcontractors and other relevant parties; It reflects the division of rights and responsibilities at the three levels of group, enterprise and project, focuses on the improvement of project planning ability, resource integration ability and process control ability, optimizes and solidifies the process, forms a PRP-ERPGRP system around different management and control subjects of engineering projects, and enables improvement of quality and efficiency.
Sixth, accelerate the construction of professional collaborative design platform. Build a digital platform for multi-professional collaborative design of architecture, structure, water, heating, electrical and mechanical, decoration, etc., to break the status quo of the separation of professional design, design engineering products from the overall level, and achieve the overall project quality.
Seventh, research and development of "engineering construction +", the new technology into the traditional construction technology. Intelligent construction promotion should pay more attention to the process, process characteristics, environmental perception requirements of the construction process, the integration of modern information technology such as "great wisdom cloud material transfer", the formation of "quality safety +" "curtain wall engineering +" "steel bar engineering +" and other integration technologies in order to achieve the refinement of the process and the quality of the project.
Eighth, pay attention to the development of independent intellectual property rights of the computer underlying support system, operating system and office system. At present, the widely used computer 3D graphics and its BIM system, the underlying operating system windows and office system are mostly from overseas, and the development of an independent and controllable computer software system supporting intelligent construction is crucial to improve the ability.
To sum up, intelligent construction is a complex system engineering, should be to improve quality and efficiency as the goal, not show, not impetuous, comprehensive deployment, solid progress, in order to achieve actual results.
We will make practical progress in smart construction
Intelligent construction in China started late, but now has a good foundation, we should take advantage of the advantages of China's large market, stop making a show, solid progress, for practical results, change the current development of intelligent construction technology and management fragmentation.
First, accelerate the reform of the engineering project management system and mechanism, and accelerate the promotion of the general contracting mode of engineering projects.
The promotion of intelligent construction requires the coordination of the whole construction process of project planning, design and construction, and calls for the acceleration of the engineering project management system and mechanism of "project general contracting + whole process engineering design consulting service". The general contracting enterprise should bear the responsibility of "the general contracting of the project" and extend the management tentacles forward and backward; Engineering design consulting led by registered architects should bear corresponding responsibility for the operational quality, environmental suitability and functionality of buildings throughout their life cycle.
Digital collaborative design is the foundation of smart construction and must be fully promoted. The establishment of the concept of "grand design" is a sufficient and necessary condition for the promotion of intelligent construction, and strives to promote the construction drawings and special construction drawings of civil and mechanical and electrical equipment design and deepening design, engineering organization design, engineering construction organization design, and engineering construction scheme design of "four simultaneous design of engineering projects".
Second, intelligent construction should do a good job of top-level design.
To promote intelligent construction, top-level design, overall planning and step-by-step implementation should be done. One is to develop 3D graphics system with independent intellectual property rights; Second, research and development BIM; Third, build a BIM-based EIM management and control platform; The fourth is the development of facilities, such as intelligent monitoring facilities, robot facilities with different functions.
The Urban Construction Information Management and Control platform (CIM) should integrate the EIM management and control platform information of construction, municipal, railway, highway, bridge, water conservancy and other projects in the region on the basis of urban planning. It is formed through the synthesis, accumulation and filtering of information on EIM management and control platform. That is, intelligent construction is a complex system engineering, which should be guided by the industry's "quality and efficiency improvement", the overall planning and step by step implementation, adhering to the continuous improvement idea of "not seeking excellence at one time, but seeking results", and contributing to effectively improving the quality of industry development.
Third, based on the complexity of engineering construction, several subsystems should be developed jointly with software developers on the basis of engineering construction services, management, scenario and process reengineering, innovation and solidification research, and continuous improvement should be made on the basis of promotion and application. Then, corresponding subsystems should be combined according to different needs to realize the integration of several subsystems. Gradually form a systematic management and control platform suitable for multi-party coordination of engineering projects, realize the control of the whole process, all elements and all participants in the implementation of engineering projects, and create a systematic work platform - EIM management and control platform for the real-time control and operation of information flow, material flow and capital flow of engineering projects with original ancestry in China.
Fourth, innovative development ideas, to create a graphics system with independent intellectual property rights in our country.
The parametric design method of current BIM 3D graphic input does not coincide with the input method familiar to the technical personnel of our country, and has poor popularity. We should gather superior resources, innovate development ideas, develop the system's internal conversion software on the basis of the graphic design method familiar to our technical personnel, automatically generate three-dimensional space graphics, carry out realistic performance, overcome the technical difficulties of the "stuck" three-dimensional graphics system, and form our country's independent knowledge
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